Other publications

Sort by Relevance | Date | A-Z

Russia-China energy relations since 24 February: Consequences and options for Europe

Wachtmeister, H.

1 June 2023 NKK/SCEEUS Report No. 1

Is Putin’s Nuclear Rhetoric Dangerous?

Golts, A.

23 May, 2023 SCEEUS Report No. 7, 2023

The War, Sanctions, and Russian Oil and Gas

Westgard, G.

10 May 2023 SCEEUS Guest Commentary No. 19, 2023

EU Sanctions Against Russia: Coherence and Efficiency during the Large-Scale Invasion of Ukraine. A Ukrainian Assessment

Khmeleva, I., Mykytiuk, A. & Yurchenko, O.

10 May 2023 SCEEUS Guest Report No. 11, 2023

Silencing the Voice of a Nation: Belarus’ Descent Into Totalitarianism

Slunkin, P.

08 May 2023 SCEEUS Guest Report No. 10, 2023

Ukraine’s Alarming Demographics

Emerson, M.

02 May 2023 SCEEUS Guest Report No. 9, 2023

The Kremlin’s Nationalist Utopia

Torbakov, I.

27 April 2023 SCEEUS Guest Report No. 8, 2023

Ukraine: Preparation for the EU Accession Process

Movchan, V.

25 April 2023 SCEEUS Report No. 7, 2023

Four Challenges Facing a Ukrainian-Russian Truce. Part II: Two Domestic Blind Alleys

Umland, A.

24 April 2023 SCEEUS Report No. 6, 2023

Georgia: The End of Illusions and Need for Clarity

Gordadze, T.

21 April 2023 SCEEUS Guest Platform for Eastern Europe Policy No. 38

Ukrainian Armed Forces: a Year of Fighting Russia

Huovinen, J.

20 April 2023 SCEEUS Guest Report No. 6, 2023

Key Expectations and Deliverables of the Upcoming EPC Summit in Moldova

Groza, I.

19 April 2023 SCEEUS Guest Platform for Eastern Europe Policy No. 37

From Invasion to Recovery: Evaluating the Macroeconomic Implications of Russia's War in Ukraine and the Way Forward

Markuts, Y.

18 April 2023 SCEEUS Guest Report No. 5, 2023

The Reconstruction of Ukraine: Historical Parallels and the Role of the EU

Perrotta Berlin, M.

11 April, 2023 SCEEUS Guest Report No. 4, 2023

Explaining Ukrainian Resilience

Hedenskog, J.

5 April, 2023 SCEEUS Report No. 5, 2023

Domestic Political Developments in Wartime Ukraine since February 2022

Burkovskiy, P. & Umland, A.

03 April 2023 SCEEUS Guest Report No. 3, 2023

The War Against Ukraine: A Game Changer for the Region and the EU’s External Policy

Coica, A.

30 March 2023 SCEEUS Guest Platform for Eastern Europe Policy No. 36

Equipping Ukraine for the Long Haul: A Role for Swedish JAS Gripen?

Ledwidge, F.

29 March 2023 SCEEUS Guest Report No. 2, 2023

The Prospects for Belarus in 2023 in the Light of Russia’s War in Ukraine: The Future Is Not Set in Stone

Shmatsina, K.

21 March 2023 SCEEUS Guest Platform for Eastern Europe Policy No. 35

Beware the Stalemate: How the Illusion of a Freeze Is Delaying and Deferring Western Resolve in Support of Ukraine

Gressel, G.

14 March 2023 SCEEUS Guest Platform for Eastern Europe Policy No. 34

The Belarusian Economy Under Sanctions Since the Start of Russia’s War in Ukraine

Lvovskiy, Lev.

9 March 2023 SCEEUS Guest Platform for Eastern Europe Policy No. 33

War Shrinks Russia’s Grip on the Neighbourhood

Engvall, J. & Hedenskog, J.

8 March 2023 SCEEUS Commentary No. 5, 2023

Darkness Settles Over Russia

Rodhe, C.

6 March 2023 SCEEUS Commentary No 4, 2023

Russia’s Military Failures in Ukraine: Causes and Consequences

Golts, A.

3 March 2023 SCEEUS Report No. 4, 2023

The EU Cannot Afford Not to Support Ukraine Financially

Becker, T.

1 March 2023 SCEEUS Guest Platform for Eastern Europe Policy No. 13, 2023

How Ukraine Built Its Resilience

Hedenskog, J.

28 February 2023 SCEEUS Commentary No 3, 2023

The Fate of Europe Will Be Decided in Ukraine

Lundbladh, A. & von Essen, H.

27 February 2023 SCEEUS Commentary No 2, 2023

One Year Later: No Turning Back

Löjdquist, F.

24 February 2023 SCEEUS Commentary No 1 , 2023

Learning From Crisis: Civil Society, Resilience and the EU’s Eastern Neighbours

Mussnig, D.

21 February 2023 SCEEUS Guest Platform for Eastern Europe Policy No. 12, 2023

Laying the Groundwork for Ukraine’s Recovery and Reconstruction

Szeligowski, D.

17 January 2023 SCEEUS Guest Platform for Eastern Europe Policy No. 11, 2023

Supporting Belarusian Democracy: Five Priorities for the EU

Rudnik, A.

15 February 2023 SCEEUS Guest Platform for Eastern Europe Policy No. 10, 2023

Food, Fertilizer and Global Leverage: Stepping Out of Russia’s Game

Rodhe, C.

14 February 2023 SCEEUS Report No. 3, 2023

Four Challenges Facing a Ukrainian-Russian Truce. Part I: The Constitutional Impasse

Umland, A.

13 February 2023 SCEEUS Report No. 2, 2023

The Impressive EU-Ukraine Summits - Alongside the Inadequate Enlargement Methodology

Emerson, M. & Blockmans, S.

10 February 2023 SCEEUS Guest Platform for Eastern Europe Policy No. 9, 2023

EU recommendations on tackling foreign interference in research and innovation: Implications for European research collaboration with China

Shih, T.

8 February 2023 A brief from the Swedish National China Centre

Candidate Status - Georgia at the Crossroads

Chkhikvadze, V.

6 February 2023 SCEEUS Guest Platform for Eastern Europe Policy No. 8, 2023

On the Future of the EU’s Approach to Eastern Europe

Havlicek, P.

1 February 2023 SCEEUS Guest Platform for Eastern Europe Policy No. 7, 2023

The EU-Ukraine Security & Defense Cooperation: Think Bigger, Act Bolder

Secrieru, S.

30 January 2023 SCEEUS Guest Platform for Eastern Europe Policy No. 6, 2023

The Reconstruction Process in Ukraine

Mingarelli, H.

25 January 2023 SCEEUS Guest Platform for Eastern Europe Policy No. 5, 2023

The European Union’s New Eastern Policy: Striking a Balance Between Security, Democracy and Prosperity

Gvineria, S.

23 January, 2023 SCEEUS Guest Platform for Eastern Europe Policy No. 4, 2023

Stepping up EU Support for Ukraine: A Win-Win Situation

Håkansson, C.

20 January, 2023 SCEEUS Guest Platform for Eastern Europe Policy No. 3, 2023

EU Eastern Enlargement: Preparing for Current and Future Threats Through Inclusive Crisis Management and Resilient Critical Infrastructure

Cenusa, D.

18 January, 2023 SCEEUS Guest Platform for Eastern Europe Policy No. 2, 2023

Nine Lessons for the West About Ending Russia’s War on Ukraine in 2023

Volker, K.

16 January, 2023 SCEEUS Guest Platform for Eastern Europe Policy No. 1, 2023

How the West Can Help Ukraine: Three Strategies for Achieving a Ukrainian Victory and Rebirth

Umland, A.

11 January, 2023 SCEEUS Report No.1, 2023

The EU in the South Caucasus: Making the Most of Current Opportunities

Hedenskog, J.

22 December, 2022 SCEEUS Report No. 8, 2022

Dead Water: How the Russian Security Services’ Paranoid Mindset Justifies the War

Soldatov, A. & Borogan, I.

20 December, 2022 SCEEUS Guest Report No.5, 2022

Supporting Ukraine’s Victory, Success and European Integration as a Safeguard to Europe’s Future Security, Prosperity and Resilience

Barbieri, J.

19 December, 2022 SCEEUS Guest Platform for Eastern Europe Policy No. 19, 2022

The Eastern Partnership Countries and the Influx of Russian Citizens Following Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine: Steps to be Taken by the EU

Schmies, O.

15 December, 2022 SCEEUS Guest Platform for Eastern Europe Policy No. 18, 2022

The $300 Billion Question - How to get Russia to Pay for Ukraine’s Reconstruction

Emerson, M. & Blockmans, S.

14 December 2022 SCEEUS Guest Platform for Eastern Europe Policy No. 17, 2022

Making Resilience a Keystone of European Enlargement

Lutsevych, O.

9 December, 2022 SCEEUS Guest Platform for Eastern Europe Policy No. 15

How to Promote Engagement by European and Ukrainian Local and Regional Authorities in Ukraine’s Post-war Reconstruction

Romanova, V.

7 December, 2022 SCEEUS Guest Platform for Eastern Europe Policy No. 14, 2022

Safeguard Georgia’s European Choice

Pkhaladze, T.

5 December, 2022 SCEEUS Guest Platform for Eastern Europe Policy No. 13, 2022

EU Sanctions Against Belarus in 2020–2022: Time for a Reappraisal

Leukavets, V.

2 December, 2022 SCEEUS Report No. 7, 2022

How the EU Can Reduce Russia's Exploitation of Moldova’s Vulnerabilities

Hedenskog, J.

30 November, 2022 SCEEUS Report No. 6, 2022

A New EU Strategy for Russia

Kragh, M.

1 December, 2022 SCEEUS Commentary No. 12, 2022

Next Steps for EU enlargement – Forwards or Backwards?

Emerson, M. & Blockmans, S.

23 November 2022 SCEEUS Guest Platform for Eastern Europe Policy No. 12, 2022

The New Reality in Europe: Time to Reshape the Eastern Partnership

Gogolashvili, K.

21 November, 2022 SCEEUS Guest Platform for Eastern Europe Policy No. 11, 2022

Financing Ukraine’s Victory and Recovery: For the War and Beyond

Repko, M.

17 November 2022 SCEEUS Guest Platform for Eastern Europe Policy No. 10, 2022

Media Freedom is Essential for Georgia’s Path to EU Candidate Status

Kapanadze, S.

14 November 2022 SCEEUS Guest Platform for Eastern Europe Policy No. 9

No Stable EU Without a New Eastern Enlargement

Kononczuk, W.

10 November 2022 SCEEUS Guest Platform for Eastern Europe Policy No. 8, 2022

Zafer Partisi, Refugees, and the Upcoming Elections in Turkey

Irgil, E. & Balcıoğlu, Zeynep

October 2022 Transatlantic Policy Quarterly

EU-Azerbaijani Economic Relations: New Perspectives and Opportunities

Bayramov, V.

31 October 2022 SCEEUS Guest Platform for Eastern Europe Policy No. 7

Beyond the Eastern Partnership: The Time has Arrived for a New Policy in the East of Europe

Moshes, A.

7 October 2022 SCEEUS Guest Platform for Eastern Europe Policy No. 6, 2022

How to Prevent Ukraine’s EU Accession Process from Slipping into the Western Balkan Trap

Getmanchuk, A.

3 October 2022 SCEEUS Guest Platform for Eastern Europe Policy No. 5

Time to Downgrade the Eastern Partnership and Refocus on Enlargement

Raik, K.

13 September 2022 SCEEUS Guest Platform for Eastern Europe Policy No.4, 2022

Russia’s Concept for a ‘Humanitarian’ Policy Abroad

Kragh, M.

9 September 2022 SCEEUS Commentary No. 11, 2022

The Future of the EU’s Eastern Partnership Policy: “Back to the Basics and Value Origins”

Havlicek, P.

6 September 2022 SCEEUS Guest Platform for Eastern Europe Policy No. 3, 2022

Belarus Since the Rigged Presidential Elections

Dyner, A. M.

2 September 2022 SCEEUS Guest Platform for Eastern Europe Policy No. 2, 2022

Towards a New Notion of Central Europe: Deliberations on European Colonial Experience and Diverging Geopolitical Outlooks

Klimkin, P., Umland, A.

28 June 2022 SCEEUS Commentary No. 10 2022

Kort om Rysslandskrisen

Berner, Ö., Hirdman, S., Molander, J., Bertelman, T., Bard, V. & Ericson, P.

15 Juni 2022 SCEEUS Guest Commentary No. 9 2022

The Russian Occupation of Ukraine’s Southern Regions

Hedenskog, J.

2 June 2022 SCEEUS Report No. 5 2022

A Neutral and Demilitarized Ukraine? Moscow’s Demands of Kyiv in Geostrategic Perspective

Umland, A.

1 June 2022 SCEEUS Commentary No. 9, 2022

Why Ukraine and Russia Stopped Talking

Zachau, J.

31 May 2022 SCEEUS Report No 4 2022

Russia’s Dictated Non-Peace for Ukraine in 2014-2022

von Essen, E. & Umland, A.

10 May 2022 SCEEUS Report No. 3 2022

What North Korea Might Gain From Russia’s Invasion Attempt

Katzeff Silberstein, B.

3 May 2022 SCEEUS Guest Commentary No. 8

Ending the Schwarzer Tango with Moscow: The Freedom Party of Austria and the Embrace of Neutralism

Shekhovtsov, A.

26 April 2022 SCEEUS Guest Report No 1, 2022

Ukraine as Putin’s Ideological Project

Kragh, M.

21 April 2022 SCEEUS Commentary No. 8 2022

Russia’s War on Ukraine: Consequences for Georgia and Moldova

Hedenskog, J. & Zachau, J.

18 March 2022 SCEEUS Commentary No. 6, 2022

Internal Political Conflicts in Ukraine During the Threat of Russian Military Escalation

Hedenskog, J.

28 January 2022 SCEEUS Commentary No 4, 2022

Narrating Disinformation: The Templates for Kremlin Lies

Enerud, Per

7 March 2022 SCEEUS Report No.2, 2022

Some preliminary thoughts on the policy implications of the Russian aggression

Löjdquist, F.

2 March 2022 SCEEUS Commentary No. 5, 2022

Internal Political Conflicts in Ukraine During the Threat of Russian Military Escalation

Hedenskog, J.

28 January 2022 SCEEUS Commentary No 4, 2022

Internal Political Conflicts in Ukraine During the Threat of Russian Military Escalation

Hedenskog, J.

28 January 2022 SCEEUS Commentary No 4, 2022

Putin’s Smith & Wesson: Three Scenarios for a Potential Russian Military Escalation in Ukraine

Zachau, J. & Umland, A.

25 January 2022 SCEEUS Commentary No 3, 2022

The Russia Crisis: where are we?

Löjdquist, F.

24 January 2022 SCEEUS Commentary No2, 2022

The Future of the EU’s Eastern Partnership Policy: “Everything but Institutions”

Kubilius, A.

21 January 2022 SCEEUS Guest Commentary No.1, 2022

Russia’s CSTO Intervention in Kazakhstan: Motives, Risks and Consequences

Hedenskog, J. & von Essen, H.

14 January 2022 SCEEUS Commentary No. 1 2022

Shiny Strategic Action: Reaching the Untapped Potential of Indo-European Cooperation at the International Solar Alliance

Nordenstam, A.

January 2022 EU Delegation to India

China’s Digital Power. Assessing the Implications for the EU

Rühlig, T.

January 2022 Digital Power China

Working with the cultural heritage of conflict for peacebuilding: Lessons learned from the Western Balkans

Mannergren Selimovic, J. & Kappler, S.

December 2021 Bryssel: European Peacebuilding Liaison Office

Russian Escalation Against Ukraine and the West: A Clear and Imminent Danger That Requires a Firm and Clear Western Response That Upholds the European Security

Löjdquist, F.

December 2021 SCEEUS Commentary

The Protracted Conflicts as Open Wounds for European Security

Zachau, J.

December 2021 SCEEUS Reports on Human Rights and Security in Eastern Europe No. 10

International Law and Accountability in Relation to the Protracted Conflicts in Eastern Europe

Ericson, M. & Malm, I.

December 2021 SCEEUS Reports on Human Rights and Security in Eastern Europe No. 9

Realizing the Vision of a Europe “Whole, Free and at Peace”: A New Strategic Approach to the Eastern Neighbourhood

von Essen, H. & Umland, A.

December 2021 SCEEUS Report No. 2, 2021

Nordic Cooperation Amid Pandemic Travel Restrictions

Creutz, K. et al.

November 2021 FIIA REPORT 68

The Limits of Economic Coercion: Why China’s red-line diplomacy is failing in Lithuania and the wider European Union

Bohman, V.

November 2021 A report from the Swedish National China Centre

Swedish experiences of research collaboration with China: Challenges and the way forward

Tardell, M.

November 2021 A report from the Swedish National China Centre

Shifting Geopolitical Realities in the South Caucasus

Meister, S.

November 2021 SCEEUS Reports on Human Rights and Security in Eastern Europe No. 8

Georgia and the Russian Aggression

Janse, D.

November, 2021 SCEEUS Reports on Human Rights and Security in Eastern Europe No.7

Russia’s Instrumentalisation of Conflict in Eastern Europe – the Anatomy of the Protracted Conflicts in Ukraine, Georgia and Moldova

Zachau, J.

5 November, 2021 SCEEUS Reports on Human Rights and Security in Eastern Europe No. 6

Conflict-Solving Mechanisms and Negotiation Formats for Post-Soviet Protracted Conflicts: A Comparative Perspective

Wolff, S.

4 November 2021 SCEEUS Reports on Human Rights and Security No. 5

Russian Interests in Afghanistan

Janse, D.

27 October, 2021 SCEEUS Report No. 1, 2021

The Transnistrian Conflict: 30 Years Searching for a Settlement

Roșa, V.

18 October 2021 SCEEUS Reports on Human Rights and Security No. 4

Unexpected Friendships: Cooperation of Ukrainian Ultra-Nationalists with Russian and Pro-Kremlin Actors

Tarasiuk, T & Umland, A.

September 2021 Illiberalism Studies Program Working Papers No. 8

EU-Turkey Migration Deal Can Turn into a Race to the Bottom

Hammargren, B.

August 2021 LMC 2021, Conference Paper

Achievements and Limitations of the OSCE’s Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine

Umland, A.

17 June, 2021 SCEEUS Reports on Human Rights and Security in Eastern Europe No. 3

Prisoners as Political Commodities in the Occupied Areas of the Donbas

Aseyev, S. & Umland, A.

16 June, 2021 SCEEUS Reports on Human Rights and Security No. 2

From Neutrality to Solidarity: Sweden and EU Security and Defence Policy

Håkansson, C.

June 2021 Ambiguous Alliance: Neutrality, Optouts, and European Defence

Sverigebilder i Kina

Jerdén, B., Svenska Institutet (red.)

June 2021 Sverigebilder i Kina

Chinese Public Diplomacy and European Public Opinion During COVID-19

Jerdén, B., Rühlig, T., Seaman, J. & Turcsányi, R.Q.

May 2021 China Review, Vol. 21, No. 2

China’s Soft Power in Europe: Falling on Hard Times

Eds. Dams, T., Martin, X. & Kranenburg, V.

April 2021 A report by the European Think-tank Network on China (ETNC)

Human Rights Violations in the Occupied Parts of Ukraine’s Donbas since 2014

Coynash, H.

27 January 2021 SCEEUS Reports on Human Rights and Security No. 1

"Isolation": Donetsk’s Torture Prison

Aseyev, S. & Umland, A.

December, 2020 Harvard International Review

Towards a More Principled European China Policy? Democracy, Human Rights and the Rule of Law in EU-China Relations

Rühlig, T.

November, 2020 Etudes de l'Ifri

A proposal for coordinated climate action: a multi-layered Indo-European opportunity

Aspengren, H. C. & Nordenstam, A.

November, 2020 EU-India Think Tanks Twinning Initiative 2020-2022

The Work of the Swedish Institute of International Affairs (UI) on the Republic of Korea

Jonsson, A. & Jerdén, B.

December, 2019 Orientaliska studier

Indien - en framväxande stormakt

Bergenwall S. & Chetan Aspengren, H. (reds)

September, 2019 FOI

Subculture and the mainstream Art and politics in Russia, 1989–2019

Jonson, L.

August, 2019 Osteuropa 5/2019

Book review: The History Problem: The Politics of War Commemoration in East Asia

Gustafsson, K.

August, 2019 Social Science Japan Journal

Praktisk examination och examination av praktik

Björnehed, E. & Wessmann, M.

August, 2019 Kungl Kriksvetenskapsakademiens Handlingar och Tidskrift

5G and the US–China Tech Rivalry – a Test for Europe’s Future in the Digital Age

Rühlig, T., Seaman, J. & Voelsen, D.

June, 2019 SWP Comment

Perspectives on the Future of the EU

Fägersten, B. & von Sydow, G.

May, 2019 UI & Sieps

10 Years On: Ressessing The Stoltenberg Report on Nordic

Haugevik, K. & Sverdrup, U. (eds)

May, 2019 NUPI, IIAI, DIIS, FIIA & UI

Climate Security in the Sahel and the Mediterranean: Local and Regional Responses

Bremberg, N., Halim, A., Benhida, B., Lisa, P., Ruiz-Campillo, X., Bassou, A., Chmielewska, A.

April, 2019 Joint Policy Studies

Book review: DIVIDED LENSES: Screen Memories of War in East Asia | Edited by Michael Berry and Chiho Sawada

Gustafsson, K.

2018 Pacific Affairs

Book review: Middle Kingdom and Empire of the Rising Sun: Sino-Japanese relations, past and present

Gustafsson, K.

February 2018 Cambridge Review of International Affairs

European regional organizations and climate-related security risks: EU, OSCE and NATO

Bremberg. N.

No. 2018/1 SIPRI Insights on Peace and Security

Japan and Norway: Elevated Economic, Geopolitical and Gender Equality Cooperation on the Horizon

Lindgren, W. & Lindgren, P.

February 2018 The Diplomat

Chinese Investment in Sweden: Encountering Open Doors

Nymalm, N. & Forslund, M.

December 2017 Chinese Investment in Europe: A Country-Level Approach (ETNC)

Östbulletinen: specialnummer om revolutionsåret 1917 i Ryssland

Oldberg, I. (ed.)

November, 2017 2: 2017, årgång 21

Tøffere press og sanksjoner mot Nord-Korea er ineffektivt og kanskje også kontraproduktivt

Weissmann, M., Hagström, L. & Hansén, U.

October 9, 2017 Verdgens Gang

‘One Belt, One Road’ in the Swedish Context

Weissman, M. & Rappe, E.

December 2016 Europe and China's New Silk Roads

For EU eyes only? Intelligence and European security

Fägersten. B.

2016 European Institute for Security Studies, Brief, Issue 8

Book review of "The Politics of Information: the case of the European Union", ed. by T. Blom and S. Vanhoonacker (Palgrave, 2014)

Eriksson, J.

2016 Journal of Common Market Studies, vol 54(1): 204.

How Georgia stamped out corruption on campus

Berglund, C. & Engvall, J.

2015 Foreign Policy, published online

Abe's statement on the 70th anniversary of the end of WWII and Sino-Japanese relations

Gustafsson, K.

2015 China Policy Institute Blog, the University of Nottingham

Frontier politics: the realm of dreamers

Eriksson, J.

2015 Global Affairs, 1(4-5): 365-367.

Japan's Article 9: will it be revised or get the Nobel Peace Prize?

Hagström, L.

2014 East Asia Forum

Britain Outside Europe? The Swedish View

Brattberg, E.

2014 IP Journal

Obama Must Use Europe Trip to Reinforce U.S. Leadership

Brattberg E. & Pires de Lima, B.

2014 The National Interest

Myanmar's Economic Potential: Peace Making or Peace Breaking

Kreutz, J.

2013 International Academic Symposium Myanmar in Reform 2013. University of Hong Kong

Broader Challenges, smaller budgets: The future of American military

Andersson, J.J.

2013 ISS.UE Alert nr 37

EU menar allvar med sin kamp mot krig

Kreutz, J.

2013 Forskning & Framsteg

Kinas mjuka makt - Finns den? Vad betyder den?

Weissmann, M.

2012 Kinarapport (China Report) 4/2012, 2012: pp. 28-31.

Six more years with Vladimir Putin, Baltic Rim Economies

Jonson, L.

2011 Quarterly Review, Issue No 5 p. 66

The EU as a Counter-terrorism Actor Abroad: Finding Opportunities, Overcoming Constraints

Brattberg, E., Rhinard, M. and Wennerholm, P.

2010 Issue Paper No 60, published by the European Policy Centre, Brussels.

Preparing for Transboundary Threats: What Role for the Next European Commission?

Boin, A. Ekengren, M. Myrdal, S. and Rhinard, M.

2009 Policy Brief published with the European Policy Centre (EPC), Brussels